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For those who have never experienced sexual abuse or assault, it can be difficult to understand why a survivor might not want to report what happened. From the outside, it may seem obvious: speak up, hold the perpetrator accountable, and stop them from hurting others. But the reality is far more complex. Many survivors remain silent, not because they lack courage, but because the risks feel overwhelming. And, unfortunately, in some cases, life-threatening.
One of the most common reasons survivors don’t come forward is fear of retaliation. This can take many forms: physical harm from an abusive partner, harassment from a powerful figure, or professional consequences if the perpetrator is an employer or someone with influence over their career.
The U.S. military, for example, has documented that 58% of women who reported misconduct experienced reprisal, and two-thirds of assaults in the armed forces go unreported. Fear is amplified when the abuser is wealthy, famous, politically connected, or involved in organized crime. These positions of power create situations where survivors may feel that speaking out could endanger their lives.
A report by the U.S. Department of Justice found that 13% of sexual assault survivors believe authorities won’t help, and 20% fear retaliation. Survivors may worry that coming forward will lead to job loss, stalled promotions, or damage to their professional reputation, particularly in close-knit industries or institutions where the perpetrator holds power.
Another major barrier is the fear of not being believed or being blamed. Research by psychologist Rebecca Campbell found that 90% of survivors who interacted with law enforcement reported experiencing “secondary victimization.” This means they were met with disbelief, blame, or insensitive treatment that deepened their trauma. Many survivors have seen others’ reports dismissed or labeled “unfounded,” despite evidence showing false reports are extremely rare—between 2% and 10%.
Shame and stigma also weigh heavily. Survivors may feel embarrassment, guilt, or fear of social judgment. In communities where reputation is paramount, the potential for ostracism can be a powerful silencing force. Some survivors even question whether what happened to them qualifies as assault, particularly if the perpetrator was a romantic partner, family member, or friend. Studies show that 60% of people who experienced legally defined rape did not label it as such.
The belief that nothing will change is another reason survivors remain silent. Seeing cases dropped or perpetrators escape consequences can make reporting feel futile. This sense of hopelessness is compounded by the emotional toll of recounting the abuse to multiple officials, especially without supportive, trauma-informed systems in place.
Steps to Reduce Risk and Increase Safety When Reporting
While these fears are valid, there are ways to reduce the risks associated with speaking out. Survivors can seek restraining or protective orders to limit contact with the perpetrator. Many jurisdictions offer free or low-cost filing processes, and some allow victims to file anonymously. For those without financial resources, local domestic violence shelters and sexual assault crisis centers can provide safe housing, legal assistance, and security planning at no cost.
Safety planning is an important first step. This might include varying daily routines, arranging for friends or neighbors to check in, and using shared transportation when possible. In addition, victim advocates are available through police departments, hospitals, and nonprofit organizations. Advocates can accompany survivors to interviews, court hearings, and medical exams, providing both practical help and emotional support.
When the perpetrator holds institutional power, survivors may be able to bypass internal channels by reporting to independent bodies, such as ombudspersons or outside investigative agencies. In some cases, advocacy groups can help file complaints in ways that limit retaliation.
The Role of a Sexual Assault Attorney
An experienced sexual assault attorney can be critical in protecting survivors. Lawyers that specialize in these types of cases know the particular nuances of this complex area of litigation. Attorneys can help secure and enforce protective orders, advise on whether to pursue criminal charges, civil lawsuits, or both, and act as intermediaries between the survivor and law enforcement or the media. They also understand trauma-informed representation, which can help make the process less retraumatizing and more effective. Having an attorney on your side can shift the power dynamic, making it harder for influential perpetrators or institutions to intimidate or silence survivors.
Why Awareness Matters
Every time a survivor tells their story, files a lawsuit, or demands change, the pressure on institutions to reform increases. This reduces fear and shame for future survivors and helps end cycles of silence and institutional protection. Speaking up sends a powerful message: your voice matters. And when one survivor speaks, others often find the courage to do the same. Many survivors say the real value goes beyond financial compensation (although that is very important). It’s also about being heard, validated, and empowered to reclaim your life.